GENDER DIMENSION IN DARFUR CONFLICT
Introduction
Civil war in Sudan which takes place since 2003 assumed to be the worst conflict in the world. Slaughtering and another terrible socio-economic impact have been the major and common incident for people of Sudan. Some critical measures are taken to resolve this armed conflict especially from international level. Various groups both government, international organizations, and NGO involved in pursuing its settlement. Unarguably, in recent years Sudan have become one of world’s main concern. The conflict itself is sparked by the rebellion group from southern Sudan called Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) against the official government. In return, this country has suffer from a huge catastrophe on many extent life.
This paper is trying to analyze the outline of the conflict which will be discussed on its history, root cause, impact over its victim or civilians.. The analysis made by using gender perspective. Therefore, it is expected that we will understand the conflict in the context of gender relations. But the main focus will be on the violence against women during conflict. Women have been always victimized more severe than the others. It comes up due to the social-political structure within the society. At the end of this paper, the author will give a critical depiction and subjective outlook over the conflict as well as some recommendation to resolve the conflict.
History of conflict and its root cause
The country of Sudan can be roughly divided into two on a "racial" basis. Of the 38 million people in the country's population, 49 percent are Black Africans. The rest consists of Arabs (38%), Nubians and others (11%). There is also a geographical division in terms of where the different peoples live. The Arabs are found in the northern part of the country, while the Black Africans are in the south. In some regions, like Darfur, there has been a lot of intermarriage amongst the various groups so that physical differences have become minor.
The other line of demarcation is religion. The Arab Sudanese are Sunni Muslims and their Black African neighbors to the south are predominantly Christians and traditionalists. In Darfur, however, both "Arabs" and Black Africans are Muslims. Overall, Muslims make up 70 percent of Sudan's population, Christians are 15 percent, while Traditionalists and others account for another 15 percent of the population.
Even before Sudan's 1956 independence from Great Britain, the new government in Khartoum had begun a program of Arabization and Islamization of the whole country. War broke out in 1955. John Garang, leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), was a young recruit into a fledgling southern rebel guerilla army in 1963. After a peace deal with Khartoum in the early 1970s, members of the rebel guerillas, including Garang, were drafted into the regular Sudanese army. Garang, a southerner and Dinka tribesman, rose to the rank of colonel in the Sudanese army. But in 1983, after northern troops attacked a unit of southern soldiers he once commanded, Garang left the army with his southern colleagues and launched a second guerilla war against Khartoum. Garang was fighting to end economic and political marginalization of southerners by Khartoum and to bring about the establishment of a secular government in Sudan. It took over twenty years, but by 2003 the SPLA campaign was yielding results. The government was eager to negotiate even to share power with Garang's group. On July 9, 2005 Garang was sworn-in as vice president of Sudan just before he was killed in a plane crash in early August 2005. Garang's success with Khartoum inspired the Black African Muslims in Darfur to launch their own military campaign against the Arab Sudanese government in 2003. Under the banner of Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), the Black Africans of Darfur have launched a series of attacks against government targets in the region. The response of the Sudanese government is what we see and hear in the news media -- whole villages being sacked and pillaged by government sponsored armed agents.
Basically, Sudan is a country with a high political turbulence along its history. Rebellion and civil war are usual phenomenon. But recent conflict happen in Darfur considered as the worst where humanitarian tragedy seems to reach its culmination point. It was originated by an armed movement launched by rebellion group called Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in 2003. They attacked outpost of the arab government. The rebels that most of them come from non Arab such Fur, Masalit, and Zhagawa tribes, demanded greater political and economic power distribution. So, their major accuse is that central government based-Arab people always marginalizes and ignore African people for decades. When rebel forces sent attack to government of Sudan at El Fasher in north Darfur, the government of Sudan-under the leadership of president Omar Al Basher- along with its militia called Janjaweed countered it brutally. Throughout 2003, this civil war escalated by invading and ambushing in massive level over non Arab or afro tribe villages all across the region. This attack exercised through land and air. They burn homes and crops, destroy wells, granaries, and irrigation works, and steal people’s property. The most horrible of this conflict is certainly ethnic cleansing tragedy. Hundreds of thousands people were killed and millions of others are dicplaced included huge wave of refugee. As the conflict enters its sixth year, conditions of Sudannese continue to deteriorate especially the innocent people. According to UN, number of death toll has reached at roughly more than 300.000 persons. Up to 2.5 million Darfuris have fled their homes and continue to live in camps throughout Darfur, or in refugee camps in neighboring Chad and the Central African Republic. In addition, 80% of the children under five years old are suffering from lack of food and from disease within coming years. At the same time, government of Sudan systematically responsible for various kinds of human rights and moral violation against Afro person of Sudan. Janjaweed perpetrates abduction of children, raping, and sexual violence or sexual abuse in high intencity.
Gender dimension in the conflict (violence against women)
Throughout history government structures, principles of governance and decisionmaking processes have been developed almost exclusively by men. Women have been confined to the ‘private’ sphere, mostly to domesticity.Therefore, the baseline for most contemporary patterns of
governance, decisionmaking and related activities originates from the models created by men. Their implementation as public policy structures and modus operandi remain strongly ‘gendered’. In political level, women forced to adjust their role over the existing structure and look for spaces to play their role and interest.
In many societies, women tend to be considered lower than men. This relation actally well-established since long time ago. Unequal relationship against women appear as something which taken for granted by many people even for women themselves. The spread of stereotype about the weakness and the inferiority of women are legitimized by various institution like politic, economy, even religion. The government itself in many cases remains maintain it despite arguing to build welfare and just society. Reproduction of men’s superiority could be seen in many ways. Role and position like leaders, politician, job seeker,etc. should not be held by women. Women is restricted to do various things in public sphere. Surprisingly, there is no rational explanation why women could not develop their talent and skill. Up till now, patriarchy lean on myth which has been structurized along the history. Beside that, marginalization of women also derived from capitalism. According to some feminist, this economic system has created women as an object of commodification as well as the source of profit in term of their cheap labour power. Escalation of women subjugation occur primarily during armed conflict. Conflict in Darfur has shown that how women repressed and experience severe catastrophe.